? Explain the Continued Fascination with Katherina in ‘the Taming of the Shrew’

?explain the continued fascination with Katherina in ‘The Taming of the Shrew' Audiences continue to be fascinated and relate with Katherina because of the struggles she faces with not fitting into a very concise, social mould. There's no denying that The Taming of the Shrew is patriarchy at its worst. Shakespeare presents to the audience Katherina – an intelligent, highly stubborn woman who is willing to challenge the sexist patriarchal ideologies of the 16th century. She is subjected to many things like verbal abuse, injustice and double standards, which all resonate with the audience.Katherina doesn't fit into the social convention because she challenges the ‘proper' gender roles of the 16th century. We see Katherina challenging gender conventions when she protests against being treated like a commodity in terms of marriage which at the time was like a business or financial transaction supposed to benefit the families involved. Katherina makes it clear at the be ginning of the play that she does not wish to be married to someone merely because of her dowry, much to Bianca's despair.In Act 2 Scene 1 Baptista agrees for Petruchio to marry her. Katherina is very against the idea, twisting his words, insulting and even striking Petruchio. She is finally shocked to silence when even despite her best efforts to protest, Petruchio deceives Baptista in claiming that Katherina wants to be married to him and she â€Å"hung about my neck, and kiss on kiss She vied so fast†. Katherina also challenges gender roles in that she will willingly stand up for herself, which was very unlike any woman of the time.This did not help her case in being a ‘shrew' with a loud, ill-tempered personality and a â€Å"razor-sharp tongue†. We see this in Act 1 Scene 1 when Katherina is being openly insulted and abused by Bianca's suitors and refuses to step down and accept the fact she is being called a â€Å"devil† and a â€Å"wench†. She retaliates with speech that is witty and shreds the suitor's comments, however it was extremely out of the social practice for women. We find her challenging the roles of men and women relatable merely because of the age old contest of men verses women.Because of the very limited roles women held in this era we find that we begin to appreciate her actions in that she will stand up for what she believes is fair and right, even if it has her portrayed as an outcast. Katherina finds herself ill-equipped for the social mould of the era as she begins to make a mockery of the power struggles not only within marital relationships, but also within society. Once married, women essentially lost all legal rights and their own identity.This is why Petruchio refers to Katherina as his â€Å"goods† and his â€Å"chattels† after their marriage ceremony (Act 3 Scene 2). Katherina hates the idea of not even being able to speak her mind because of her limited power in her marriage. She says in Act 4 Scene 3 that her heart â€Å"will break† if she is silenced and unable to express her frustration about her lack of power and control over even her own wardrobe. The play forces the audience to question their assumptions and attitudes about the power dynamics particularly in romantic couples, but also with friends and relatives.We can relate to Katherina not wanting to be treated like a commodity or be stripped of her own identity and values because every one of us have felt pressure to conform to somebody else's values. Whether it be at school, home or in a romantic relationship, phrases such as â€Å"be a good girl† or â€Å"be a man† reverberates with us all and this is what Katherina attempts to overthrow in her relationship with Petruchio. Katherina is forced to deal with injustice, when she is judged and treated with unfairness, as a result of her inability to conform to social and gender conventions.The main object of Petruchio marrying Kat herina was so that he could have the challenge of ‘taming' her. This to the modern audience seems manipulative – as if Katherina is more like an animal needing to be tamed. As a modern audience we have become far more sensitive to social injustices, and so as we witness the abusive behaviour and misogynistic attitudes towards Katherina we begin to feel almost sympathetic for her misunderstood actions and feelings. It is unfair that the only way Katherina could achieve domestic tranquillity was to conform to how Petruchio wanted her to be.She is never given any choice, pretending that the sun is really the â€Å"moon† and moreover that an old man is really a â€Å"budding virgin† just to make Petruchio happy (Act 4 Scene 5). It is clear that as soon as we meet the Minola family that Baptista is clearly more favourable towards Bianca. In Act 1 Scene 1, Baptista asks Bianca to go inside with him and practice her music and books, he disregards Katherina saying â€Å"Katherina, you may stay. For I have more to commune with Bianca†. It is also in this scene that even though Katherina speaks just three times, we hear more about her than from her .This speaks of the judgemental and misunderstood nature that she is subjected to. This fascinates us because as she struggles to overcome this treatment, it becomes very relatable to the audience. The concept of fairness has become, to nearly all of us, a given right. For the characters in The Taming of the Shrew to willingly let fairness be blatantly ignored, becomes a fascinating idea to the modern day audience. Even though fairness has become a right, we have all been put into situations where fairness hasn't always been practised, and so Katherina's plight becomes relatable.Audiences continue to be fascinated with Katherina's character because of the struggles that she faces with not fitting into a very concise, social mould. The Taming of the Shrew's audience in the 16th century was one that was heavily concerned with the concepts of marriage, and so it is only natural that Shakespeare creates a character that challenges all the concepts tied to marriage entirely. Katherina takes things head on when she not only tests the boundaries of the limited roles and expectations of a female, but also won't accept the distinct power roles of a man and woman in a relationship.The play celebrates the quick-wit and strong mind of Katherina, even whilst revelling in her humiliation and unfair treatment. Whilst the social conventions have changed since the 16th century, they are still very apparent in our society, and there will always be those who test and rebuke those widely held standards. One point that is worth considering is whether or not our conventions are shaping our society for advancement, or worse for regression.

Costa Coffee Essay

Costa Coffee was founded by Italian brother Bruno and Sergio Costa in Lambeth, London in 1971. Then in 1995, Costa was sold to Whitbread Company as its subsidiary. During the period of global economic recession, 2009, Costa achieved a remarkable level with 60% profit increased and 23% revenue increased1. Moreover, as the largest coffee chain in UK, Costa paid  £36m for the acquisition of ‘Coffeeheaven’ at the end of 2009. So far, Costa Coffee operates in 28 countries with the total number of 1,600 stores2. Then what are the key successful factors which made Costa expanded quickly with high profitability in the fast growing and competitive coffee industry? In order to answer this question, I will apply PESTLE Model and STP Process to analyze the strategy and marketing issues. Strategy: PESTLE As a component of the marketing environment, the macroenvironment include many factors which have great effect on the decisions of strategies. Political In 2010, the new government, coalition government (Cameron Ministry), published several new policies which caused the decrease of the poll rating for the party3. And one of them is the Taxation policy. During the past two years, the VAT rate had a fluctuation: decrease from 17.5% to 15% and back to 17.5% in 2009/2010 and increase to 20% in 2011. Clearly, the low VAT rate means lower price to customers and then lead more sales. Also the 20% VAT rate will affect the Costa customers since they may try to stop buying or purchase less to resist the VAT raise. Due to the increasing demand of high-quality coffee, the company who holds certified coffee beans and fair trade coffee beans will gain more product differentiation advantage. From 2008, Costa Coffee has started to convert its entire coffee supply to sustainable grown beans4 which was from Rainforest Alliance Certifiedâ„ ¢ Farms. Also, in order to implement the Fair Trade, in 2006 the Costa Foundation was set up to support the coffee growers lived in Colombia, Guatemala, Uganda and so on5. Through the Costa Foundation, the local people have been provided huge amounts of education opportunities and job positions. Economic During the economic crisis in 2008-2009, the government reduced interest rate and VAT rate in order to boost consumption and accelerate the economic recovery. In some extent, these policies are helpful to raise the sales since people feel like paying less for the same product. However the high unemployment percentage means that the purchasing power of buyer is weak. People cut their budgets on food, cloth, and other non-essential goods, such as coffee. In 2010, the economic started to recover. The VAT rate and interest rate have been raised in order to increase the government revenue. And followed the increased VAT rate, the inflation was higher. As a result of these factors, the prices of ingredient and goods seem to be higher also. Also for the companies like Costa which involved in the foreign exchange, the decreasing exchange rate of sterling will make the companies’ purchasing power weaker. Then under this condition, Costa tried to focus on cost saving and menu changes to keep its profitability6. This is a better way to retain the customer with the old price. However, Costa should be aware of quality of ingredient and taste of new menu products. In my opinion, Costa could consider about cutting operation cost which is a large part of total cost. Sociocultural The growing population implies a huge potential market for coffee industry, but it also means companies need to provide wider ranges of products and services. Also the rising number of educated people will increase the demand for quality coffee. Moreover the change of attitudes to work and leisure has influence to the coffee houses. More and more Laptop generation and white-collar workers prefer coffee shops as their second office because of its relaxed atmosphere and delicious coffee. Costa has already found this trend early and moved its shops into the bookshops. Under the co-operation of Costa Coffee and bookshops, both of them got the benefits on sales. In addition, the change of lifestyle is also a factor. Due to the drink driving legislation, the consumption of alcohol drink has a huge decline. Therefore instead of going to pub, more people are going to the coffee shop. Costa achieved a huge success at the social and cultural communication with the public. Since 19717, Costa Book Awards started to improve the communication between readers and writers. Also Costa encourages everyone to read wide range of books and make personal comments. Technological It is obvious that high technology will offer lots of advantages on efficiency, productivity, and profitability to the coffee brewing world. Therefore Costa should continue updating the information and upgrading the machine. It will be more effective on management if Costa could use a new electronic point of sale (EPOS) system which was first installed by one of the Costa Coffee franchise in 20108. Environmental Company must consider more about the environmental concerns in their production process. They should use sustainable strategy in the long-term. Costa Coffee tried its best to protect environment. In 2009 Costa started to use a number of Iveco Daily 6.5-tonne urban delivery trucks which could improve the fuel efficiency in its daily delivery9. Moreover, the Costa coffee cup could be recycled widely because of the material-certified sustainable pulp. However there are still some uncovered considerations. Recently Costa Coffee was doubted that it did not respect another resource of environment – wildlife (monkeys) according to the TV advertising10. Legal Besides meeting the standards of Employment law, Costa always keeps working on improving the health and safety of products. In 2009 Costa Coffee signed up to the Food Standards Agency’s (FSA) drive to provide healthier food outside the home11.

Modern World: Things Fall Apart

â€Å" We cannot leave the matter in his hands because he doesn’t not understand our customs, just as we do not understand his. We say he is foolish because he does not know our ways, and perhaps he says we are foolish because we do not know his. Let him go away† (*1). This quote shows the major theme of the book which is change vs tradition. The quote shows the theme perfectly; basically it shows the ignorance of most of the Umuofia clan and their fear of the white peoples culture taking over theirs. They are dealing with the question of whether change should be privileged over tradition.The people of Umuofia want a little change but at the same time they have fear of completely losing their way of life, the people are divided on the subject at hand at what the right and wrong thing to do is, and how much is to much change. When the first white men was seen there was controversy already. The man was seen in Abame, the elders immediately went to see their oracle out of fear. The oracle told the elders that â€Å" the strange man would break their clan and spread destruction among them† (*2). So the people killed the white men immediately out of fear.Then a few weeks later out of revenge three white men went to the Abame market and shot everyone except the people that weren't there. The Abame people were foolish they should have known â€Å" Never kill a man who says nothing† ( * 3). But regardless of why the shooting happened at the Abame market the gossip had started and the fear had set in for the white men. After the Abame incident, other white people began to show. The white missionaries went to Umuofia and had begun building churches there and began getting converts.Not everyone was fond of the new religion though, but the leaders of the clan were not scarred because they believed that the weird faith would not last. Missionaries also arrived in the village of Mbanta. The missionaries begun telling the people of the villages abo ut the new religion â€Å" We have been sent by this great God to ask you to leave your wicked ways and false gods and turn to Him so that you may be saved when you die† (*4). The missionaries started to have the people of the villages question their religion and culture, and to make them think am I just worshiping false gods of wood and stone?Is all the rituals and killing and destroying innocent children actually right? Many questions began to stir. One person in particular who was captivated by the new religion was Nwoye, Okonkwo’s son. Nwoye became one of the first converts, but because of this change with his life that meant that he was no longer part of Okonkwo’s life or ever be considered his son. Even though this hurt Nwoye, he felt a relief in his life, so he thought that he could find other people within his new religion that would love him more then his father ever had.As the missionaries kept on spreading the word of their new religion and changing p eoples life’s, they decided to ask for some land to build their church. So the clan decided to give them as much land somewhere as they wanted. The missionaries were very happy that they were getting the land, but what they didn’t know was the land they were getting was called the â€Å"evil forest† because it was alive with sinister forces and was evil. The â€Å" evil forest† was where the clan had buried everyone that died from evil diseases.There was a so called curse that was set on the forest, so the people of Mbanta expected the missionaries to all be dead within four days. Not knowing of the curse the missionaries begun immediately clearing out the forest and building their church, and as each day went by and no one was dying the people of Mbanta were questioned about why the curse wasn't working on the white men. The church in Mbanta kept getting stronger and stronger as each day passed and was getting more converts. Okonkwo remained angered at t he new changes in Mbanto, â€Å" until the abominable gang was chased out of the village with whips there would be no peace† (*5).Although some did not mind the changes â€Å" It is not our custom to fight for our gods, let us not presume to do so now† (*6). Although everyone had their own opinions of the matter at hand, the assembly out of fear decided to exclude the christians from the privileges and life of the clan. Even though the new faith had only a few converts at first, the christians quickly grew and had became a small community and they were not going to be easily shut down. After the seven years of Okonkwo living in Mbanta, he was finally able to go back to Umuofia after being exiled.Although things had been changing in Mbanta, Okonkwo was unaware that Umuofia had also been changing. He still expected to just go back and have everything still be the same, even though that was the total opposite. The new church was not the only thing that had changed since h e was gone in Umuofia; the white men also brought a new government to the village. The men of power were no longer the high titled men, chief priests, and the elders, the men of power were now the District of Commissioner, and the court messengers.The District Commissioner had become the head of the government in Umuofia who judged cases ignorantly, then there were the court messengers who guarded the new prison, which was filled with citizens who would not listen to the white man’s laws. Okonkwo was very confused about what has happened to the village he once had some power over. â€Å" What is it that has happened to our people? Why have they lost the power to fight (*7)? † Okonkwo was so flabbergasted about how his once perfectly traditional south african village had changed into a government controlled christian village.So many things were changing, not only did the white men bring a new religion, and a new government, but they also brought trading to the village, which helped the village have more of a money flow and schools were beginning to be built. The clan had become barely recognizable to Okonkwo anymore, it was falling apart in his eyes. The village had not only begun to fall apart in Okonkwo’s eyes but in others soon to follow too. On the annual worship of the earth goddess day, one of the egwugwu’s masks were accidentally torn off by Enoch, which was one of the greatest crimes a man could commit.Enoch showed everyone that that the egwugwu’s were merely men impersonating spirits, therefore Enoch had basically killed an ancestral spirit. From Enoch doing that he helped the missionaries falsify the Umuofia's religion and show that it was all superstition, but he also re-sparked the conflict between the christian church and the clan. That was the last straw for the clan with dealing with the christians, â€Å" Tell him to go back to his house and leave us alone†¦ But this shrine which he built must be destroye d. We shall no longer allow it in our midst† (*8).The clan came in agreement to burns down the church; which makes Okonkwo very happy for once. The men in Umuofia finally begun to take back the village that was once theirs, so the next few days the men were armed and stayed aware. As the men were on cloud nine thinking things might end up going back to the traditional ways, they forgot to remember that their was still a government. The district commissioner was at a tour when the clan decided to burn down the church and not follow the laws. But when the District Commissioner did come back from his tour, Mr.Smith, who was the head missionary ,immediately caught the Commissioner up on what had happened while he was away. After finding out what had happened the Commissioner got his messenger to round up the leaders of Umuofia for a meeting. When all six leaders, including Okonkwo, met up at the commissioners headquarters they were asked what had happened, before they even had a c hance to explain what had happened then they were immediately arrested. â€Å" I have brought you here because you joined together to molest others, to burn people’s houses and their place of worship† (*8).The six leaders were fined with two hundred bags of cowries and were sentenced to prison and would not be released until they paid the fine, and if they choose not to they would be taken to Umuru to be hung. Thankfully each one of the leaders paid the fine, and were set free. Okonkwo was so incredible angered when he was let out of the prison. Later that night when he went back to his hut he could barley even sleep. All he could think about was revenge, and how no matter what he was not going to back out of his plan.The next morning he went to the meeting place, which was the marketplace where he was going to meet Obierika. â€Å" All our gods are weeping. Idemili is weeping, Ogwugwu is weeping, Agbala is weeping, and all the others. Our dead fathers are weeping bec ause of the shameful sacrilege they are suffering and the abomination we have all seen with our eyes† (*9). Okonkwo decided that enough was enough he was not going to stand by and watch his clan fall apart any longer. â€Å" We must root out this evil. And if our brothers take the side of evil we must root them out too.And we must do it now. We must bale this water now that it is only ankle deep†¦ † (*10). And that is exactly what Okonkwo did. He stood by his word, and he did what he felt was right. He shot and killed a messenger at the market place, where every person witnessed with their own eyes. Shortly after this the District Commissioner arrived at Okonkwo’s compound to retrieve him to be killed because of the sin he had just committed, but the commissioner along with a few other people had realized he was to late the deed had been already done.Okonkwo was found hanging dead on a tree behind his compound; he committed suicide. When Okonkwo was found de ad Obierika turned to the District Commissioner and said, â€Å" That man was one of the greatest men in Umuofia. You drove him to kill himself; and now he will be buried like a dog† (*11). So rather then wait to be killed and humiliated, Okonkwo took matters into his own hands and killed himself. In the book Things fall apart the main character Okonkwo ended up both losing and winning at the end.He lost in the sense of the new religion, and government, and basically just the overall change ended up winning over tradition. Which was what he feared all along. But in a sense he won because the last thing he did before he died was something he completely believed was the right thing to do, so he never gave up or stopped trying, even though he knows that he did all that he could and tried. But In the end it was just unbearable for him to live any longer with all that had changed in his village, so he did what he wanted to do, which was killing the messenger, then he killed himsel f.He killed himself because he understood that since he killed the messenger he was then going to be killed for the sin he had committed. But he he didn't want to be killed by someone else and be made as an example, and he didn’t want to give the satisfaction to the District Of Commissioner by letting himself get killed by him. So in the end he just gave up and realized their was nothing else he could do about the situation at hand. â€Å"The world has no end, and what is good among one people is an abomination with others† (* 11).That shows that no matter that people will always see things differently, what is good or bad or what is right or what is wrong. No matter what, the world will never be agreeing on the matter at hand, there will always be fighting and arguing as long as their is something to be argued about. So in the end through all the fighting and heartache Okonkwo’s death symbolized the tradition dyeing out and change taking over.

The history of Ottoman empire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The history of Ottoman empire - Essay Example The Empire was founded by Osman I. In 1453, following its capture from the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople, modern stanbul, became the new capital of the Ottoman Empire under the name 'Kostantiniye'. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Ottoman Empire was among the world's most powerful political entities, with the powers of eastern Europe constantly threatened by its steady advance through the Balkans and the southern part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Its navy was a powerful force in the Mediterranean. On several occasions it even invaded central Europe, sieging Vienna, in its attempts to conquer the Habsburg domain, and was only repulsed by coalitions of European powers. In this period, the discussions among the elites of Ottomans on how to organize a new state constitute the most important detail. The location of this movement gave it access to many different cultures and experiences. Given the historical facts of other great empires, Ottoman elites believed that the power of the sword was not enough to build and maintain a powerful state. Swords must be wielded by men. It was important to find strong and capable men and bind them together in willing cooperation to conquer large sections of Europe, Asia, and Africa. It was also important to organize and govern their conquests in a fairly satisfactory fashion, and to establish a structure which would take great effort to dismantle. Ottoman elites gave precedence to the political ideas that constituted the life of the empire, which became their ruling institution. Only with these ideas was it possible to attract a great body of men from many directions and races and unite them in a common effort. The ideas and culture that were shaped during this period took three hundred years to decay and be destroyed. While it is arguable the empire had injustice, violence and destructive forces involved in the development of its structures, these must be considered within the context of their eight centuries of history, during which Turks began to drift southwestward away from the declining Saracen Empire Even though the Ottoman state existed before Osman I, he is regarded as the founder of the Empire, having given it its name and being the first bey to declare his independence. He extended the frontiers of the empire towards the Byzantine Empire, while other Turkish beyliks suffered from infighting. Under Osman I, the Ottoman capital moved to Bursa. He published the first coin under his name, demonstrating the trust he built. The economical structure of the Empire was defined by the geopolitical structure. The Ottoman Empire stood in between West and East, thus blocking the route eastward forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators set out in search of a new route to the Orient. The Empire was holding the same path that Marco Polo once used. Ottoman studies imply that the change in politics between Ottomans and Central Europe did depend on the opening of the new sea routes. It is also possible to see the decay of the Ottoman Empire by tracing the loss of significance of the land routes. Decay is a very relative term, in reality while central Europe is moving forward, Ottoman were holding on to their traditions. The pragmatic thinking of Ottomans that once helped to reform the systems left behind by Roman Empire was once again giving out the same signs

Why Geometry has played a central part in Painting Essay

Why Geometry has played a central part in Painting - Essay Example My main aim in this text, however, is to explore the relationships and importance of geometry in painting. In order to better understand these relationships we need to look back in time into the â€Å"science of space†. I will aim to include three chapters in this text, the first dealing with the study of geometry, symmetry and their basic, most important properties and its uses in earlier movements of art in order to present the most relevant examples of works into the second chapter which will deal with analysis of works of art (mainly paintings). The third and final chapter will deal with answering the question; â€Å"Why geometry has played a central part in painting?† â€Å"It was then that all these kinds of things thus established receive the shapes of the ordering one, through the action of ideas and numbers†- Plato. Plato’s philosophy of the universe was centered on the Deity. He believed that the universe is built out of four elements; earth, fire, water and air (as Empedocles before him), which takes a form of geometrical solids (earth- cube, fire- tetrahedron, water- icosahedron, air- octahedron) which then can brake further into triangles.As mentioned above geometry means earth measure. As we shall see the journey is from the single point into the line, out to the plane, to the third dimension and beyond eventually returning to the point again. Like the elements of its sister subject music, it is an aspect of revelation in a creation myth in itself. Number, music, geometry and cosmology are the four art.

An Organization for immigrants in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An Organization for immigrants in UK - Essay Example The organization is a charitable one with the sole purpose of enhancing smooth transition to immigrants and intends also to maximize their improvement in well-being instead of maximizing profits. Implying that there is no profit to investors (Offer,2006,p56). The organization intends to provide assistance to the increasing number of immigrants who experience many challenges in their host countries. Since we are involved in social activity, the organization must just be a charitable organization. This is because it covers a wide scope, and if left to private firms which have limited scope it cannot achieve the organization’s objective of assisting a multitude of immigrants adapt to their new environment (Ross, 2003, p57). This is clearly illustrated by PotAucek who defined a nonprofit organization as is â€Å"the sphere of social activity undertaken by organizations that are not for profit and non-governmental†. Because immigration is highly sensitive politically, it has faced several challenges especially the regulatory environment relating to immigrants. Several restrictions have been put in place by the potential host countries to limit benefits offered to imm8igrants. Specifically the UK government introduced a ‘package of restrictions’ on EU migrants such as inability to claim housing benefits, delayed access to National Health Services, lack of job seekers allowances for the first 3 months and deportation and barred the reentry for 12 months for any EU national that is â€Å"caught begging or sleeping rough† (BBC, 2013). The most suitable organization to solve these challenges and restrictions is a charitable organization but not a private one (Panayi, 1999, p111). This is because an NGO has a global outlook while a private organization simply has a national or regional publicity and hence cannot exhaustively deal with a global problem. An NGO exists as a global asset and therefore best suited to deal with immigrantsâ€⠄¢ challenges. In order to eliminate racial discrimination in the host countries, the organization needs to be a public one this because of its fair, equitable and service to all nature. Public organizations treat people equally thereby eliminating racial prejudice that could occur if the organization would have been a private one. The organization aims at ensuring that immigrants are not denied jobs and housing because their credentials are devalued (Joppke & Seidle, 2012, p91). This, however, will be achieved through the provision of residential houses to immigrants as well as helping them with job applications, for instance writing CVs which are in line with the job market demand and, helping them prepare for interviews. The organization also intends to raise awareness of the on-going issue of racial discrimination, particularly â€Å"discriminatory practices in the workplace and the community†. The other reason why this organization must just be a nonprofit organization i nstead of a private one is because it has limited funds. It, therefore, depends on contributions and donations from well-wishers to accomplish its objectives because it has limited ways of raising funds contrary to private organizations which can borrow because they are able to repay the loan from profits that they make. A nonprofit organiz

Quiz 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Quiz 3 - Essay Example The signings comments are used to emphasise important of legislation. For example, a piece of legislation had been passed on the time when it is needed the most, or it serves to solve some pressing problem at the time (Woolley and Peters). The United State emphasis and practise individualism more than collectivism because the former drives people to produce more and thus the economy of the country is always growing. However, collectivism leads to laxity among some individuals who are not willing to work as hard as other people. Therefore, this phenomenon is experienced even in politics where Politician’s and stick to their party ideology. This obstructs opportune moment of collective bargaining and bipartisan legislation. A legislative veto is an administrative law that is passed by a majority of congress to object or nullify an executive order (Cornell University Law School). For example, The Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act requires a Congressional veto for it to be effected. The act was published in August 5, 1983 even after it has been found unconstitutional by the Supreme

Should the internet be sensored Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Should the internet be sensored - Research Paper Example So, should the internet be censored? Yes, it has because of the reasons discussed below. Protection of social norms. There is a lot of misinformation that is corrupting the current society through censorship; some laws that are fighting against cultural erosion like exposure of pornographic materials to children can get a voice. Children need proper protection (McCarthy, Martha: pp. 83). They have to be safeguarded from this kind of violence that is so public on the internet. Parents may not be in a position to look after their children at all times due to commitment at work. While they may assume their kids are safe while accessing the internet, it may not always be the case. Pornography and other sexy images act like a magnetic pull especially to underage adolescents. All they want is to have a look at how the opposite sex looks like. This in the end corrodes their young minds. It is filled with filth and unnecessary stuff. For this reason, some may end up developing behaviors that arise due to loneliness. Some may end up being gay or lesbians since the materials on t he internet convince them to think so and find it normal to divert from the society norms. If the government censors the internet, it may be in a position to block such confusing contents for children and help parents who spend little time with their children. Security reasons. Terrorists are using the internet in making their moves. It has made it easy for them to identify and locate places to attack. While most of the journalists may think everything is news that has to be blogged, it may give deadly tips to people with an evil mind. Take this case, a few years ago, someone made claims of making assault rifles using materials of a printer. While it hit international news headlines, some bloggers got a chance to write about it. Yes, it was good to make people inform people about the

The Future of Education in US and Saudi Arabia Essay

The Future of Education in US and Saudi Arabia - Essay Example According to the research findings the revolution in the education sector will also result in an overall information symmetry to the residents of both countries and at large the world. The education infrastructure will also get upgraded and the funds spend on the acquisition teaching staff decline. It will become a cost cutting strategy as the education sector has over time utilized large amounts of capital that could have got utilized in developing other sectors. The overall adoption of technology in the education sector will eventually result in a declined rate of illiteracy and ignorance levels as learning shall become a progressive exercise.From the discussion it is clear that  the initiation of formal education dates back to the 19th century when people saw the need of adopting a formalized educational system as opposed to the informal. The future of the education will heavily relay on the adoption of formalized systems of impacting knowledge to the students. The development a genda of the education sector will heavily rely on the methods of overcoming the barriers that have for long hindered the development and establishment of formalized education in both US and Saudi Arabia. The aim is to ensure that learning can take place anyplace anytime so long as there learner has a willingness to learn. The idea of students going to school for classes shall change and become history. It is so as classroom learning will no longer be taking place and if it happens to be shall be made for the young generation only.

GAME NOT OVER YET, NOT YET....ELECTRONIC ARTS Essay

GAME NOT OVER YET, NOT YET....ELECTRONIC ARTS - Essay Example This acts as a competitive advantage for the organization of EA as per industrial organization view. Not only this, according to resource based view, the sustainability of the firm mainly depends on its tangible and in-tangible resources. This might prove effective for the organization in enhancing its efficiency and popularity in the market among others thereby reducing its threat for new entrants. Apart from this, in order to enhance the net income and demand of the products of the organization, low cost unconventional strategies such as flash mobs, street art and many others are used. By doing so, the level of awareness and reputation of the organization enhances to a significant extent among others as stated by Guerrilla view. Yes, EA exhibited critical success factors in order to enhance its brand portfolio and profitability in new business context. Apart from other resources, the management of the organization of EA recruited highly experienced and talented individual from Apple, Xerox PARC, Atari and VisiCorp in order to enhance its dominance in the segment of online games and video games. This acted as a boon for the organization thereby amplifying its scope of success in the market among others. This is mainly because; they help in enhancing the inner talent of the workforces thereby amplifying the scope of invention. Due to which, the organization became able to cope up with changing preferences of the customers that enhanced its image and value in the market among others. In order to enhance its image, EA offered more attention over its tangible resources and so it recruited extremely talented and knowledgeable staffs within the organization. These resources are extremely essential for the organization so as to invent new product lines and so they are regarded as unique (Allen & et.al, 2011). An organization like EA might suffer from the issues

Energy, Metabolism and Cells Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Energy, Metabolism and Cells - Essay Example Furthermore, there are four ways by which enzyme activity is regulated by the cell. Photosynthesis and Aerobic Respiration Photosynthesis and aerobic respiration are two intracellular processes that work hand in hand in order to bring about the chemical transformation of sunlight into usable energy, in the form of ATP (â€Å"Photosynthesis and Respiration,† 1999). Basically, photosynthesis is the process through which plants convert sunlight to glucose, with the chemical equation: 6H2O + 6CO2 ? C6H12O6 + 6O2. ATP for use by the plant itself is also produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis (Carter, 1996). However, since the main product of the photosynthetic process – glucose or sugar, C6H12O6 – needs further conversion into a form considered usable by the plant and animal body, this conversion is made possible by the process that complements photosynthesis: aerobic respiration (Farabee, 2007). Through aerobic respiration, ATP is produced from glucose. Th e chemical equation for aerobic respiration is C6H12O6 + 6O2 ? 6H2O + 6CO2 + 36 ATP (Burkett, 2005). This means that in the process, 36 units of ATP or energy is produced. In short, plants produce glucose through photosynthesis, and this glucose is consumed and utilized by the plant and animal to produce ATP through aerobic respiration. Photosynthesis itself is a complex process made up of the light and dark reactions. The Light Dependent Process, or Light Reactions, uses the direct energy of sunlight to produce energy carrier molecules – ATP and NADPH – needed in the second process, the Light Independent Process, or Dark Reactions, where glucose, or C6H12O6, are produced (Farabee, 2007). The Light Reactions in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts, the require sunlight to strike the chlorophyll and carotene molecules in the leaves of plants in order to trigger a series of reactions that will eventually produce ATP and NADPH (Farabee, 2007). In the Light Reactions , the hydrogen atoms of water, H2O, are also removed for use in reducing NADP+ to NADPH (Kimball, â€Å"The Thylakoid,† 2011). In the ensuing Dark Reactions or Calvin Cycle, which occur in the stroma, carbon dioxide is captured and combines with RuBP, a 5-carbon chemical, to finally produce a 6-carbon glucose, C6H12O6 (Farabee, 2007). Now, in order for this glucose to be usable, it must be consumed by the plant itself or the animal but it must first be used to produce ATP through aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration is a three-stage process where ATP is produced during each stage. Glycolysis, the first of the three stages, occurs in the cytoplasm and involves a 10-step process that ends up with the breakdown of glucose, C6H12O6, into two pyruvic acid molecules, C3H4O3, and in the process produces a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH (Gregory, 2011). Each of the two pyruvic acid molecules now goes to the matrix of the mitochondrion for an intermediate process known as pyruvate oxidat ion or oxidative phosphorylation, and produces CO2 and an acetyl group. The acetyl group then combines with CoA to form Acetyl CoA, and producing 2 NADH in the process. In fact, there are actually two Acetyl CoA molecules at the beginning of the next stage, the Krebs Cycle, so there are two Krebs Cycles from one Glycolysis process (Burkett, 2005). The Krebs Cycle, which occurs in the matrix of the

Children Today Essay Example for Free

Children Today Essay There are many factors which lead to the way children act today. The way a child is raised, is a reflection of the lack of respect which an adolescent embraces for their elders. Over time, generations of human beings have become more reliant on technology. This has made mankind lazy and uncultured, causing a reflection on our children. Also, there have been many laws which were set against structure in a childs life. Whether the child is at home, school, or with a care giver such as a â€Å"babysitter†, there are limits to how a child can be disciplined. However, when a child has a lack of authoritative parents, it often times produces the young ones disrespect for others. The powerful painting by Banksy entitled, Girl Patting Down Army Soldier, demonstrates role reversal between child and adult. The image clearly illustrates a young girl in a pink dress and pig-tails, patting down a strong, fierce soldier. Soldiers represent power and authority, and this little girl is taking over that roll. This, to an extent, is the way our generation of children are becoming. They believe they are equals with adults in this world. They do this by bossing their parents around, and disrespecting them day after day. The way our world uses technology is only part of the reason why our children are so ignorant today. In the past, parents would send their children outside to get their pride and joy out of their hair and to have some fresh air. Presently, they set their child in front of a television to watch a show or play a video game. Due to the fact that most parents do not monitor every show or game their child takes part of, many children begin learning how to act by observing what is on the television screen in front of them. The television show entitled, Toddlers and Tiaras, is a prime example of these types of shows. Here, children of various ages dress as though they are twenty years old, yet act the total opposite. Kids which are two and three yeas old talk back to their parents and constantly role their eyes at the people they love. There are also multiple children hitting their competition and parents when they do not get what they want. When any child watches this type of show, they often times will begin to mirror the negative behavior. In fact, according to Illinois State Medical Societys  experiment entitled, Monkey See Monkey Do, â€Å"In a matter of seconds, most children can mimic a movie or TV character, sing an advertising jingle or give other examples of what they have learned from watching media. These examples may include naming a popular brand of beer, striking a â€Å"sexy† pose, acting impolitely, or play fighting. Children only have to put a movie into the DVD player, flip through the channels, open a magazine, click on a web site, pop a video game into an X-Box or watch television to experience all kinds of messages. The impact of these messages can build slowly when children see and hear them over and over again.† Our youth today does not understand what is real and what is not on the T.V. If kids do not have guidance from their parents, they will most likely begin transforming into impolite little people. Therefore, parents need to not place their child in front of the television, but rather spend more time with them. Many kids care givers are also beginning to spend more time with their technology instead of their child. This is beginning to cause children to act up due to the fact they feel they are getting no attention. An article on The Washington Post entitled, Parents are ignoring their children for their Blackberry, stated, If youre taking [parental attention] away from the child, for what looks like it is not a good reason, kids might think, What am I doing wrong that my parents dont like me? and may start acting out to get their parents attention because they have a hard time distinguishing positive from negative attention. Although parents do not mean to push their child away and make them feel as though they are less important than their phone, they are. This is why our generation of kids are beginning to throw tantrums and are becoming more impolite. The laws which have been set against a childs punishment have changed tremendously over the past fifty years. This is a large factor of why our children have become so disrespectful to the people around them. In the past, teachers had the right to inflict corporal punishments on children. This is a form of discipline which ended around 1989 in Oregon. According to American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, corporal punishment is a method which a, â€Å"Supervising adult deliberately inflicts pain upon a child in response to a childs unacceptable behavior.† The purpose for this  type of punishment was to try to prevent non-tolerated actions to reoccur. It was meant to change their long-term behaviors and to show the child what was and was not acceptable. In current times, children can not be touched in any physical matter from any one other than their parent or guardian. This is because it is now illegal to physically harm kids. This law has led some children to understand they can get away with excessive amounts of negative behaviors due to the fact there are less ramifications that follow their unfavorable actions. Because of these laws, kids can not be disciplined to any amount which the state would find excessive. Therefor, when these kids become disrespectful, there is no possible way for the children to be disciplined by any teacher or caregiver. The law of non corporal punishment has effected our children to a point because they cannot be punished for their actions, making them more disrespectful. There are many parents who hold a lack of authority. This is part of what is producing our youths disrespect for others. An authoritative parent is someone who expects a lot from their child. They also have strict rules which they predict will be followed at all times. These parents are also a large part of child rearing. According to ChildRearingMatters.com, â€Å"The aim is always to bring?out?the best in each child, and to prevent and overcome difficulties.† In other words, parenting. When a childs parents lack this, their children in most cases, end up running the house. These children think they are their own parent. When this occurs, the adolescent ends up pushing their own parents around as well as the others around them. Many children today are becoming unexceptionably disrespectful to their elders and others around them. This is due to the way they are raised and brought up since birth. There are three main aspects which have created this issue which is occurring now. These include the number of parents relying on technology, the laws which protect children from any form of physical discipline, and the lack of authoritative parents which these children have. If the way our children are raised never changes, the issue of disrespect towards others is only going to worsen. Having respect for other is a large aspect of life. If children can not learn how to respect others, how are they supposed to respect themselves?

Has ASEAN Been Successful In Promoting Security Politics Essay

Has ASEAN Been Successful In Promoting Security Politics Essay ASEAN has been successful because its members have a very strong commitment to cooperation. Cooperation for the benefit of all and cooperation for the stability and peace of the region. This is a very importance hallmark of ASEAN Tun Abdullah bin Hj. Ahmad Badawi INTRODUCTION History of the Establishment of Asean 1. ASEAN officially declared its establishment on August 8, 1967  [1]  . So far ten countries have been a member of ASEAN which are Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia  [2]  . Establishment of the ASEAN is to create a new organization that will share a common vision in building the nation, reaffirm bilateral and multilateral relations as a way of solving regional tensions.  Establishment of the ASEAN is based on the needs and interests with countries to generate regional security and cooperation between the countries involved.  Knowing that all the ASEAN countries have a similar background; it will be able to perform its role as a forum to be able to develop economic, social and regional stability. 2. For many years, Southeast Asia or ASEAN countries also had witnessed the competition of major powers in their quest to either establish military bases or influence in the region. Countries like United States, Soviet Union, China, Japan and India were taking over the dominance of faded powers of British, France and the Dutch in this area. Besides the intervention of major powers, the Southeast Asia nation also faced their own regional issues. The security problems became even worse with the domestic problems faced by most of the countries in the region. Revolutions, subversion, secession struggles, military coup, terrorism and communist threat were some forms domestic problems faced by the nations which became a hindrance factors for these nations to develop smoothly. Though Thailand was the only country that did not experienced any form of colonization, yet it also faced some domestic problems and got entangled in the regional disputes. 3. This essay is to discuss whether ASEAN has substantially contributed to regional peace and stability in South East Asia and does the assiociation represent a long term alternative to balance of power strategies, or a complement to such? Has ASEAN Substantially Contributed to Regional Peace and Stability in South East Asia? Regionalism Issues 4. The regionalism issue has becoming one of the hottest topics in the field of International Relations today. It was caused by the expanding global economy and political influence of a few powerful nations. The strategies of how the individual countries choose to form regional organisations, more importantly, the administration of the organisation will show how well the regional organization relates to the rest of the world. The success or failure of this regional relationship will greatly impact the future of the member nations and the degree to which they will ultimately become productive members of the global community. Referring to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) the nations of Southeast Asia (SEA) have chosen to ally themselves with one another so that the collective security and economic well being of the region may be stabilised and well developed. Strategic Stability 5. Strategic stability can be define as a condition where policy maker do not face unavoidable pressure to make sudden shift from non violent to violent strategies, in the process precipitating wars that they neither anticipate nor want. 6. Strategic stability influenced by: a. Geographical issues such as the contesting over access to resources like water and oil claims. b. Culture issues such as conflict in historical background between countries. c. Military Strategic Consideration. d. Domestic Political Pressure. Background of Internal Issues within the ASEAN Countries 7. Regional relations among ASEAN countries are in a satisfactory level with the various forms of cooperation among member countries.  With the creation of the ASEAN forum in 1967, member countries have been dealing with any problem with good and satisfactory.  However there are still some problems involving the member countries that have not successfully resolved.  There are among the problems that were refered to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to enable disputes resolved by a neutral body that was assigned to solve the problem in peace. Bilateral problems are said to challenge the ability and immunities of the family relationship between ASEAN member countries where most issues or conflicts are remnants of ancient history.  Apart from that, the internal problem of ASEAN is also expected to be one cause of threat to internal stability and also has a tendency to spread out from their respective national borders. There were many problems among ASEAN members,  howev er for the purpose of this essay; I will highlight a few problems that are considered as big issue such as borders conflict, the issue of organized transnational crime and arms race. Borders Conflict Issues 8. Malaysia and Thailand.This border conflict has long existed since immemorial time.  Since 1824 until 1851, states in the north and the east coast of Malaya like Kelantan, Terengganu, Perlis and Kedah were under the rule of the Siamese.  However in 1904, under the Treaty of the Anglo-Siamese, Siamese Government has given the authorities of protection, administration and control over these four states to the British.  Together with the treaty is the Treaty Protocol that describes a new border between Siam and the British in Malaya at that time  [3]  .  However, problems still exist that the actual demarcation of the border between Malaysia and Thailand where it is still not have a solution, especially in Kelantan border area involving Golok.  It is afraid that this situation may cause problems in future when land development to be implemented in the area, especially near the river. 9. The other major issue that occurred at the border are activities of Separator Islamic guerrilla movement in southern Thailand, especially in the Pattani and Narathiwat.  These groups consist of a Patani United Liberation Organition (PULO), Pattani Liberation National Front (BNPP) and National Revolution Front (BRN).  PULO believed to receive financial assistance from the military and radical Arab regime in Syria and Libya.  PULO reportedly established cooperation with the BNPP which is one of the oldest Muslim separatist groups but have a lack of influence.  BNPP which is the Islam konsevatif group reportedly has close relationship with the Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS) which is currently ruled Kelantan at the east coast of Malaysia.  BNPP influence has decreased since the death of Naser Tunku Yala in 1977.  This is all due to loss of spiritual leadership for 30 years before and the defeat of PAS in Kelantan during the elections in 1978.  After that the group has bee n operating in the area of Ban Panare, Pattani under the new leadership who is Badri Hamdan the university graduates from West Asia and Samsudin Abdul Ghani from Egypt  [4]  .  Thailand Government leaders often do not feel satisfied with the support of the Kelantanese to the Patani people at that time.   10. Military Cooperation. Various efforts have been established in order to overcome and reduce the tension for example by enhancing the military cooperation between both countries.  Among the efforts that have been and are being implemented are as follows: a. Border Patrol.   A form of border cooperation has been established since 1979.  As a result of the declaration of borders cooperation, joint border patrol between the Malaysia and Thailand army has been held until now. This has reduced tension on the border conflict between the two countries.  In addition, this operation also helps in restraining the activities of the rebellion group from spreading to the Malaysian border.  This cooperation has also brought much success to curb smuggling of people, goods and illegal border crossing activities.  As a result, this bilateral cooperation has increased the mutual trust between the two countries. b. Joint Training. Among the training that have been and are being held continouesly are collective military training, individual training and seminars.  Military training as Exercise THAMAL between Malaysia/ Thailand organize every year in order to reduce the tension in border conflict.  Through the training it is also hope that they will be a deep understanding regarding the bilateral military cooperation between both countries. c. Meeting The Highest Military Leaders. Visits and conference between the higher levels of leadership from both Ministry of Defense always conducted every year. This approach has contribute to closer relationship, mutual understanding and respect between each other.   Any sensitive issues can be solved together wisely to avoid any military action. In the 24th High Level Committee Malaysia- Thailand both the military leader agreed that criminal and illegal activities in border area have been decreased  [5]  . On 9 Dec 2009 Prime Minister of Malaysia as request by the Prime Minister of Thailand has made a joint visit to the unstable region in southern Thailand.  The purpose of the visit is to win the heart and mind of the people in that area.   This effort shows how ASEAN countries are concerned about bilateral cooperation in solving problems between countries in the region as well as to increase the trust between each others  [6]  . 11. Malaysia and Indonesia. Boundary problem between Malaysia and Indonesia exists only in East Malaysia, covering Sabah and Sarawak. A very long border between Sabah, Sarawak and Indonesia is very difficult to be mark.  The thick forests and a lot of mountains make it difficult to be entered by anyone and become a big challenge for the border surveyors from both countries. As a result of the absence of stone boundary that separates between Sabah and Sarawak to Kalimantan has allowed the entry of illegal immigrants from Indonesia to Malaysia without any problems as well as the smuggling activities. 12. All these illegal activities become a very sensitive issue discussed in the Malaysia-Indonesia Boundary Committee and affected the relationship between both countries. Less enforcement by the Indonesian authorities has lead to the increasingly smuggling and illegal logging activities. Stealing of the logging equipments such as bulldozers of the Malaysian workers by the Indonesian has become a normal phenomena for them without thinking about their actions could cause conflict between the two countries.  All these illegal activities will continue as long as the boundary problem is not resolved. 13. Thai and Cambodia. Issue between the two countries are at the boundary of Range Dang Reo. Inaccuracies in the marking of the border along Reo Dang River between 1905 and 1917 have caused disputes between Thailand and Cambodia in 1958. This argument is due to the Angkor Wat Temple Preah Vihear, located at the border between the two countries. The conflict arised because of the different border area from the map that produced by the France and the one that with the Cambodian. Thailand which has occupied the area since 1945 refused to give any response raised by the French and Cambodia about the border. Thailand has insisted that the map prepared by one parties only and are not published. Finally in 1962, it has been successfully resolved by the ICJ and Cambodia won the case  [7]  .   14. However, the conflicts between the two countries flared again in 2008 involving both military forces which at first caused at least two Cambodian soldiers died and wounded seven Thais soldiers. This issue arised when Cambodia applied to UNESCO for Preah Vihear Temple to be list in UNESCO World Heritage List  [8]  . Organised Transnational Crime 15. The concept of transnational crime actually took place more than a quarter century ago. Transnational organized crime has become a big issue in the international arena  [9]  .  Transnational means the movement of the information, money, physical goods, people or things that are visible or not visible across state boundaries when at least one actor involved in the non-governmental movement  [10]  .  According to the UN Secretariat, transnational crime has been defined as offences whose inception, prevention and / or direct or indirect effects involved more than one country  [11]  .  When we talk about the concept of `Transnational Crime, it is a criminal activity or activities undertaken by a planned crime organisation which lead to a criminal ofences of two or more countries  [12]  . Transnational Crime or Organized Crime involves many crimes activities; that occur around the world that ASEAN countries are also cannot escape from being drawn into the same a ctivity. The activities have been occurring from time to time without any signs of activity undertaken to decrease. It involves criminal activity quite popular such as smuggling of goods, drugs, weapons and human beings. Those who commit criminal activities are growing increasingly clever and brave to carry out criminal activities.  Economic recovery among ASEAN countries after the economic crisis from 1996 to 1998 was greatly influenced this activity and has helped expand transnational crime all over Southeast Asia. In 1994, the UN Secretariat has identified 18 categories of transnational crime in the world  [13]  which of the major transnational criminal activities that hit ASEAN countries are smuggling goods, drugs and people.   16. Drug Smuggling. Drug trafficking business becomes a challenge to the economy growth within ASEAN country. It is not only a major source of Centre of Money Lender but also lead to the cause of war, murder and others criminal offences  [14]  . This illegal activity is very difficult to be contain totally even though various method such as strict checks at all border entry point implemented in ASEAN country. Myanmar, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia known as the `Golden Triangle is a nest of the largest drug producer in the region. Based on the studies conducted by U.S. government found that Myanmar still remains the largest opium producer in the world  [15]  with production rate said to increase by 9 percent in the mid-1990s. Not less than 2,560 tons of opium has been produced by the country  [16]  . Therefore, it is difficult to eliminate drug trafficking activities as long as the situation continues.   17. Human Trafficking. Human smuggling crimes have become a very popular activity since a long time where it deals with a lot of money. According to the study conducted by `Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, it was estimated that 4 million people each year have been smuggled across the world  [17]  .  International associations paying less attention to the efforts of monitoring individuals to enter the country illegally compare with the group smuggling activities  [18]  . Countries that have a strong economic position, such as Malaysia and Singapore become a major destination for human smuggling activities. The smuggling agents willing to faced high risks to do the activities because they can get payment between RM 2,000.00 to RM 4,800.00 per person  [19]  . 18. Smuggling Goods. ASEAN countries can be seen in two contacts; the countries that have high income rates for example Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore and countries that have low income rates for example Indonesia, Myanmar and Vietnam. The goods in high income rates countries are more expensive than the countries that have low incomes rates. This factor has encouraged smugglers to take high risks in smuggling activities. The smuggling activities of cars from Malaysia to Thailand, Singapore and Indonesia have been successfully reduced not long ago. The smuggling of cigarettes from Indonesia still exists because of the high demand. Clove cigarettes worth million of dollars was confiscated by the customs of Malaysia in 1998 (Table 1)  [20]  . Ser Month Total Cases Quantity Price (RM) Tax (RM) 1. January 4 909.11 kg 215,660.00 578,510.20 2. February 4 9,558.2 kg 569,680.00 1,857,984.04 3. March 9 2,749.115 kg 210,013.65 545,082.69 4. April 2 1,690.44 kg 17,756.00 16,167.10 5. May 2 209.52 kg 12,060.00 14,489.73 6. June 3 3,865.95 kg 273,920.00 761,315.77 7. July 4 7,057.2 kg 463,320.00 1,377,921.19 8. August 8 3,452.27 kg 226,514.00 766,095.15 9. September 6 9,884.83 kg 704,920.00 1,947,847.13 10. October 11 3,619.82 kg 225,598.00 698,551.63 11. November 11 4,667.88 kg 276,490.00 1,008,555.98 12. December 13 5,816.61 kg 386,510.00 1,407,840.77 Total 77 53,480.95 3,582,441.65 10,980,361.38 Table 1: Cigarettes Confiscated by the Customs of Malaysia in 1998 19. Arms Race Issues. Are there any arms race issues within ASEAN countries? According to Colin Gray, there are four basic conditions to be considered as arms race which are: a. There must be two or more parties, conscious of their antagonism. b. They must structure their armed forces with attention to the probable effectiveness of the forces in combat with, or as a deterrent to, the other arms race participants. c. They must compete in term of quantity and quality. d. There must be rapid increases in quantity and/or improvements in quality  [21]  . 20. The momentum of military build up among the ASEAN countries increased in the 1980s and 1990s, however since the financial crisis in 1997 the force modernisation has slowing down  [22]  except for Singapore that has less affected in the crisis and continued its military build up. A few reason of why the process of equisition of military equipment within ASEAN country still continueing eventhough in a slow manner is because of to protect economic resources, requirement for EEZ surveillance and protection, inter state tension in the region, internal security caused by the terrorism threat for example after the Sep 11 incident in US and conflict between Thailand Government and the rebellions from the southern part of the state. Based on the study,  [23]  it is identified that non of the process of military modernisation comply with the conditions stated by Colin Gray. There is no ASEAN country that has a really serious conflict between one another. The border crisis between T hailand and Cambodia which flared in 2008 anyway still can be resolved where both countries still concern the importance of the relationship between ASEAN countries. Force modernisation in Southeast Asia can be considered as arms build-up rather than arms race. Does the Assiociation Represent a Long Term Alternative to Balance Of Power Strategies, or a Complement to Such? 21. For this question I will highlight the platform that has been established by ASEAN such as the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) and East Asia Summit (EAS) and the external cooperation between ASEAN and major power outside the region. 22. Establishment of ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF). ASEAN countries agreed with the iniative to establish ARF in the 26th ASEAN Ministerial Meeting and Post Ministerial Conference which were held on 23 to 25 July 1993. Then the inaugural meeting held in Bangkok on July 1994. The objectives of ARF are: a. To fster constructive dialougue and consultation on political and security ssues of common interest and concern. b. To make significant contributions to effort towards confidence building and preventive diplomacy in the Asia Pacific region  [24]  . The current importance members of ARF are US, China, India, Japan, European Union and Republic of Korea. To build confidence and the capability to cooperate, the ARF also conducts such cooperative multilateral activities such as observation of military exercises, exchanges between defence colleges, joint training and exercises in search-and-rescue and disaster relief, and the maintenance of a registry of conventional arms. Latest in the 16th ARF that has been conducted in Thailand on 23 July 2009 has come out with a vision statement for ARF by 2020 which focus on to building a region of peace, friendship and prosperity. In year 2009 also, ARF has conducted a lot of conference, dialogue and seminar regarding national threat such as terrorism and transnational crime, maritime security and law and regulation on the participation in International Disaster Relief. In promoting mutual assurance, the ARF has proven its value in three stages evolution from confidence building, preventive dip lomacy and for the longer term is the approaches to conflict resolution. 23. The Establishment of East Asia Summit (EAS). The first EAS was held in Kuala Lumpur on 14 Dec 2005. The members of the EAS are the ten of ASEAN countries, Australia, Peoples Republic of China, India, Japan, Republic of Korea ad New Zealand. EAS was held as part of the overall ASEAN meeting  [25]  . In the first meeting, the discussion emphasized more towards on developing communication among the members and based on the Kuala Lumpur Declaration on the EAS indicated that it will be a forum for dialogue on broad strategic, political and economic issues of common interest and concern and with the aim similar to the ARF which is to promote peace, stability and economic prosperity in EAST Asia  [26]  . It was also stated in the Kuala Lumpur declaration that EAS will be an open, inclusive, transparent and outward-looking forum to strengthen global norms and universal recognized values with ASEAN as the driving force  [27]  . Since the establishment in 2005 till 2009 most of the discussion focus on desease prevention such as avian influenza issue and energy security issue which focus more towards the environment and health problems. Latest in 28th Aug 2008 the AEM+6 has been launch and then established the Economic Reasearch Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) which the purpose of establishment was to identified the best way of economic integration, narrowing development gaps between members and how the energy development can sustain for long term  [28]  . External Cooperation between ASEAN and Major Power Outside the Region 24. ASEAN and Japan. ASEAN and Japan first established informal relations in 1973. The ties were later formalised with the establishment of the ASEAN-Japan Forum in March 1977. Since then, the ASEAN-Japan Forum has met once every 18-24 months. In early August 1977, the Japanese Prime Minister H.E. Mr. Takeo Fukuda met with the ASEAN Heads of Government at the Second ASEAN Summit in Kuala Lumpur. The Japanese Prime Minister H.E. Mr. Noboru Takeshita met with his ASEAN counterparts in Manila during the Third ASEAN Summit in December 1987. At the meeting, ASEAN and Japan announced a new partnership toward peace and prosperity. Japan has been ASEANs top trading partner for many years. In 1993, two-way trade between Japan and ASEAN amounted to nearly US$87 billion and in 1996, it rose to US$109.0 billion, representing nearly 21% of ASEANs total external trade. On the other hand, Japans trade with ASEAN accounted for about 15% of her total external trade. A unique feature of ASEAN-Japan co operation is the ASEAN Promotion Centre on Trade, Investment and Tourism in Tokyo. The Centre was set up in 1981 under the Agreement Establishing the ASEAN Promotion Centre on Trade, Investment and Tourism between ASEAN Member Countries and Japan. It is jointly funded by contributions from Japan and ASEAN Member Countries. In January 2002, Japanese Prime Minister Junichiru Koizumi visited a number of ASEAN countries and proposed several new initiatives for cooperation.   These include the designation of 2003 as the Year of ASEAN-Japan Exchange, reinforced cooperation in education and HRD, solidifying the security relations between Japan and ASEAN, the ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership (CEP), and the Initiative for Development in East Asia:   IDEA.   Consultations to carry out these initiatives are proceeding. The recent establishment of the Japan-ASEAN General Exchange Fund (JAGEF) has generated a number of cooperation activities in support of greater ASEAN integration.   ASEAN and United States. After the demise of the Cold War, though in a reduced scale, increased US economic interests in the region is an important factor for her in maintaining its military presence in the region. The US presence in the region can become a stabilizing factor only if its military presence can be retained and its economic and political presence is accepted.  [29]  The US participates in a series of consultative meetings with ASEAN which includes the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), the Post Ministerial Conferences (PMC) 9+1 and 9+10, the ASEAN Economic Minister-US Trade Representatives (AEM-USTR), the Senior Economic Officials Meeting-US Trade Representatives (SEOM-USTR), the ASEAN-US Dialogue Meeting, the Joint Planning Committee(JPC) Meeting and the ASEAN-US Business Council. The ASEAN-Washington Committee also assist in conducting and maintaining the dialogue with the US. The ASEAN-US Dialogue has also focused more and more on political and security discussions over the years, particularly with the end of the Cold War. The principle focus of the ASEAN-US security dialogue has been the role of the US in maintaining stability in the region. ASEAN and the US have signed a Joint Declaration for Cooperation to Combat International Terrorism on 1 August 2002 in Bandar Seri Begawan. ASEAN and China. Until the 1980s China had largely neglected its claims, preoccupied with more pressing defence demands and lacking in any case the military resources to intervene in the area. As a result, during much of the Cold War, the massive expanse of the South China Sea acted as a sort of buffer zone between ASEAN and China, largely preventing direct contact between their respective forces. At present, all the countries concerned investing heavily in forces to defend their claims, in some cases encouraged by the Law of the Sea, and with growing speculation as to the value of the resources contained in the area, the South China Sea has been transformed into a zone of contention and possible conflict.  [30]   Singapores Senior Minister Lee Kwan Yew warned that unless this issue is resolved in a sensitive way, the present friendly relations between ASEAN and China could revert to the awkward relations of the decade when China supported guerrilla insurgencies in many ASEAN countries.  [31]  In July 1996, China was accorded full Dialogue Partner status at the 29th AMM in Jakarta, Indonesia. The Chinese Vice Premier and Minister of Foreign Affairs H.E. Mr. Qian Qichen attended the meeting as a representative of a Dialogue Partner of ASEAN for the first time.It is hoped that the new generation of leaders in China will allow a more open and pluralistic system to develop and, thus, will enable China to become an integral part of the international community of nations. As a major power in the Asia-Pacific region that possesses nuclear weapons and has adopted a non-aligned posture, China has a unique and important position in regional efforts to promote regional stability. It has become extre mely active and more positive in regional multi-lateral institutions, such as the ARF, CSCAP and the ISIS Roundtable on Peace and Security in the Asia-Pacific for the past years. For ASEAN, this is a welcome development and hopefully the US would see it in the same way although a nuance may remain on the objectives of those regional institutions in

Holistic Care in Sexual Health Assessments

Holistic Care in Sexual Health Assessments Reya James Delivering holistic care is of great importance when providing sexual health assessments as to ensure positive outcomes for the individual (Wright, 2012). Each person at some point of their developmental journey experiences a level of perceived risk taking behaviour, unfortunately usually resulting in anxiety provoking emotions through decisions made. The purpose of this case study response is to demonstrate an understanding and approach to the interlinking relationship of sexual and mental health issues identified within the case scenario. In order for this to occur, contributing risk factors will be analysed to provide an evidence based background to capture and highlight the link of both sexual and mental health issues. These risk factors include age group, alcohol use, risky sexual behaviour, neurovegetative symptoms, anxiety, and psychological stress increasing risk taking behaviour, will be also discussed. These identified behaviours and concerns will conclude with appropriate interventions and referrals For the purpose of this case study sexual assault will not be discussed, however is always a consideration until otherwise indicated. Upon introduction, first impressions and the environment will set the tone for the assessment and determine the information given by the client (Health Service, 2013). It is imperative to remain aware of cultural diversities and vulnerabilities during this process to ensure apposite assessments, screening and interventions are implemented. For example, due to the overwhelming higher rates of STI’s and BBV’s in comparison to the rest of the populace, sexual health remains a priority issue for Aboriginal communities (Bowring, Vella, Degenhardt, Hellard, Lim, 2014; Kang, Skinner, Usherwood, 2010; Research, 2007; Thompson, Greville, Param, 2008). As sexual health issues are sensitive issues to discuss, the initial introduction will alert the clinician to any barriers that may exist, allowing exploration into the involvement of communities groups, family members and other stakeholders that are appropriate to the client’s cultural sensitivities. For example, female clients of particular cultural groups or sexual identity may require female only clinicians to conduct the assessment, the same can be applied to males if identified, sensitivity and objectivity is the key. Establishing a therapeutic rapport is essential in building a trusting relationship in which the client feels safe, acknowledged and validated. Further to this is the provision of a non-judgmental and supportive environment maintaining privacy and confidentiality (Wright, 2012). Entwining a mental health assessment ensures ongoing risk assessment, incorporating protective factors, screening for co-morbidities and appropriate interventions such as education, harm minimisation and therapies. Whilst acknowledging the expressed concerns as a priority, this also provides the individual with an opportunity to ventilate and disclose contributing factors, disruption to daily functioning, and verbalise the experienced emotional dysregulation (French, 2010). Unfortunately this process may not proceed as planned if the appropriate screening questions are not asked. It can be seen that some clinicians find it difficult to approach the subject of sexual health. Ambivalence towards the subject occurs, resulting in avoidance of the topic and sexual health concerns being less prioritised (Quinn, Happell, Welch, 2013). Regrettably, this approach is likely to result in further deterioration of the client’s mental health with continuation of risk taking behaviours. Ultimately it is essential to identify the impending emotional crisis so timely and appropriate interventions can be implemented(Dykeman, 2005). With ‘Chris’ presenting and requesting a check-up, this demonstrates a level of insight into the negative impact the occurrence has instigated. ‘Chris’ is of an age group that is well documented as high risk relating to alcohol, illicit substance use and sexual risk taking behaviour (Aicken, Nardone, Merce, 2010; Bowring et al., 2014; Searle, 2009; WHO, 2005). Among Australia’s population, the most commonly reported STI is genital chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis), with numbers increasing annually for those aged between 15-29 years (Kang et al., 2010). In addition to chlamydia, HIV, gonorrhoea, and syphilis are also higher within the indigenous population(Thompson et al., 2008). The research further identifies potential vulnerability and increased risk-taking sexual behaviour of young adults in Australia in particular lesbian, gay, bisexual and those questioning their sexual orientation (Bowring et al., 2014). Screening tools and clinical management guidelines are commonly utilised to assist with identifying risk and determining examinations and investigations necessary for detection of STIs, BBVs and other sexual health issues including sexual assault(Health Service, 2013). In relation to the case scenario, regardless of sexual orientation, a full STI screen is recommended due to the unknown factors of the incident (Health, 2010; Health Service, 2013). Naturally this will depend on the individual and require education and positive reinforcement to be provided through each process as to ensure the decision is informed and awareness of potential results involved. Provision of pamphlets and contact numbers for crisis lines allow the person time to process the information given during the assessment. Within Queensland Health Guidelines, contact numbers are available throughout the state should a referral to a sexual health clinic for further follow up, or in the case of sexual assault, refe rral to sexual assault workers is appropriate(Health, 2010). Recommendations can be provided in the form of self-initiated referrals for identified priority groups, such as providing contact details for groups that offer support and further information. For example, web based contact groups such as Sexually Transmissible Infections in Gay Men Action Group (STIGMA), and Gay and Lesbian Welfare Association provide support, information education, and opportunities for phone counselling. It can be seen that the contributing factor of alcohol and/or other substances, reduces consideration of safe sexual practice, often leading to unprotected sex and the contracting of STD’s (Bellis et al., 2008). Moreover, the disinhibiting and cognitive altering actions of alcohol or substances can influence any sexual orientation, further contributing to potential adverse outcomes (Aicken et al., 2010; Bowring et al., 2014; Hughes, Szalacha, McNair, 2010). The implications of the linkage have, as studies have shown, to be a globally contributing factor and increasingly expressed concern from a public health perspective (WHO, 2005). This is an opportune time to screen for alcohol and substance use, utilising motivational interviewing, insight into current risk taking behaviours and readiness to change can be established (Lundahl, Kunz, Brownell, Tollefson, Burke, 2010). The objective is for the client to make a commitment to change, through their own decision making (Johnsto ne, Owens, Lawrie, McIntosh, Sharpe, 2010). Other interventions include harm minimisation and education regarding the effects of alcohol, with referral to Alcohol and Other Drugs (AOD) service, detox and rehabilitation services if requiring this level of service. Ensuring these procedures are appropriately explained to the client, expressing empathy and actively listening, will help to reduce anxieties the person may be experiencing. The positive effect brief interventions has on alcohol consumption and reducing the average intake has been well researched and documented(Kaner et al., 2009). Poor sexual and mental health impacts an individual’s sense of worth and wellbeing, which could ultimately result in feelings of isolation, persecution discrimination, and stigmatisation (Duncan, Hart, Scoular, Bigrigg, 2001). For example, within a close rural community, sexual preference outside the accepted community norm may possibly lead to these poor outcomes, essentially resulting in an enduring negative emotional impact (Lewis, Derlega, Clark, Kuang, 2006). Studies suggest the link between risky sexual health behaviour and mental health is associated with higher levels of anxiety, stress and depression(Searle, 2009). Searle (2009) further postulated difficulty in determining whether depression was a result of risky sex or risky sex was precipitated by a depressive episode. Neurovegetative symptoms described by ‘Chris’ such as disturbed sleep, increase of stream of thoughts needs to be explored further as to ascertain any underlying mental health issues(Kendrick Simon, 2008). Levels of stress, depressive features, suicidal ideations, formal thought disorders, brief screening for mood disorders or psychotic episodes are all incorporated within the mental health assessment and captured during a mental status examination(Health Service, 2013). Utilising an intervention such as brief solution focussed therapy, helps to empower the client to make decisions that are future focussed based on their strengths (Evans Evans, 2013). Instilling hope and building of resilience is essential to the clients recovery journey (Elder, Evans, Nizette, 2012; Evans Evans, 2013). Just as important is the support and follow up to ensure monitoring risk of relapse. Apart from family and friends, other resources are available to provide support. Mental Health Nurses employed at GP clinics are an option through the Mental Health Nurse Incentive Program (MHNIP). This resource has been successful in reducing admissions, providing short term case management with the provision of interventions such as psychoeducation, counselling, psychotherapies, medication adherence, metabolic monitoring, and general support(Happell, Platania-Phung, Scott, 2013). Referral to GP’s for continuity of care and a Mental Health Care Plan (MHCP) is another option available. MHCP is a plan that is completed by the GP with the client in which issues are identified and referred for psychological and/or psychiatric management. Web based programs are also available such as Teleweb, Headspace, Lifeline, to name a few. There is always the possibility of a client expressing suicidal intent, in which, if meets the criteria under the Mental Health Act, may require detainment and transfer to a mental health unit In conclusion, every person that presents for a health assessment requires a holistic approach in order to capture the issues and appropriately deal with them. Interventions will need to cover a variety of issues that may arise. The perceived stigma of STI’s, concerns regarding future reproductive health, psychosocial impact of diagnosis, distress and possibility of developing an enduring mental health issue, are all issues that need to be addressed throughout the assessment. References Aicken, C. R. H., Nardone, A., Merce, C. H. (2010). Alcohol misuse, sexual risk behaviour and adverse sexual health outcomes: evidence from Britain’s national probability sexual behaviour survey. Journal of Public Health, 33(2), 262–271. Bellis, M. A., Hughes, K., Calafat, A., Juan, M., Ramon, A., Rodriguez, J. A., . . . Phillips-Howard, P. (2008). Sexual uses of alcohol and drugs and the associated risks: A cross sectional study of young people in nine European cities. Public Health, 8, 155-166. Bowring, A. L., Vella, A. M., Degenhardt, L., Hellard, M., Lim, M. S. C. (2014). Sexual identity, same-sex partners and risk behaviour among a community-based sample of young people in Australia. International Journal of Drug Policy(0). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.07.015 Duncan, B., Hart, G., Scoular, A., Bigrigg, A. (2001). Qualitative analysis of psychosocial impact of diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis: Implications for screening. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 322(7280), 195-199. Dykeman, B. F. (2005). Cultural Implications of Crisis Intervention. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 32(1), 45-48. Elder, R., Evans, K., Nizette, D. (2012). Psychiatric and mental health nursing (3rd edition. ed.). Chatswood NSW: Elsevier Australia. Evans, N., Evans, A.-M. (2013). Solution-focused approach therapy for mental health nursing students. British Journal of Nursing, 22(21), 1222-1226. French, K. (2010). How to improve your sexual health history-taking skills. Practice Nurse, 40(2), 27-30. Happell, B., Platania-Phung, C., Scott, D. (2013). Mental Health Nurse Incentive Program: Facilitating physical health care for people with mental illness? Int J Ment Health Nurs, 22, 399-408. Health, Q. (2010). Queensland Sexual Health Clinical Management Guidelines Emergency Presentation (pp. 1-18). Queensland: Queensland Government. Health, Q., Service, R. F. D. (2013). Primary Clinical Care Manual (8 ed.). Cairns: The State of Queensland. Hughes, T., Szalacha, L. A., McNair, R. (2010). Substance abuse and mental health disparities: Comparisons across sexual identity groups in a national sample of young Australian women. Social Science Medicine, 71(4), 824-831. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.05.009 Johnstone, E. C., Owens, D. C., Lawrie, S. M., McIntosh, A. M., Sharpe, M. (Eds.). (2010). Companion to Psychiatric Studies (8 ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Kaner, E. F. S., Dickinson, H. O., Beyer, F., Pienaar, E., Schlesinger, C., Campbell, F., . . . Heather, N. (2009). The effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care settings: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Review, 28(3), 301-323. Kang, M., Skinner, R., Usherwood, T. (2010). Interventions for young people in Australia to reduce HIV and sexually transmissible infections: a systematic review. Sexual Health, 7(2), 107-128. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/SH09079 Kendrick, T., Simon, C. (2008). Adult Mental Health Assessment. InnovAiT: The RCGP Journal for Associates in Training, 1(3), 180-186. doi: 10.1093/innovait/inn013 Lewis, R., Derlega, V., Clark, E., Kuang, J. (2006). Stigma Consciousness, Social Constraints and Lesbian Well-Being. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 53(1), 48-56. Lundahl, B., Kunz, C., Brownell, C., Tollefson, D., Burke, B. L. (2010). A meta-analysis of motivational interviewing: Twenty five years of empirical studies. Research on Social Work Practice, 20(2), 137-160. Quinn, C., Happell, B., Welch, A. (2013). The 5-As Framework for Including Sexual Concerns in Mental Health Nursing Practice. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 34, 17-24. Research, N. C. i. H. E. a. C. (2007). Bloodborne viral and sexually transmitted infections in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People: Surveillance Report 2007. Sydney: Commonwealth of Australia. Searle, N. (2009). Sexual Behaviour and its Mental Health Consequences. (M.Sc. Project), Swansea University, Britain. Thompson, S. C., Greville, H. S., Param, R. (2008). Beyond policy and planning to practice: getting sexual health on the agenda in Aboriginal communities in Western Australia, Editorial. Australia New Zealand Health Policy (ANZHP), pp. 1-8. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.usq.edu.au/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=35637237site=ehost-live WHO. (2005). Alcohol Use and Sexual Risk Behaviour: A Cross-Cultural Study in Eight Countries. Geneva. Wright, G. (2012). Sexual health This practice profile is based on NS622 McDougall T (2011) Mental health problems in childhood and adolescence. Nursing Standard. 26, 14, 48-56. Nursing Standard, 26(44), 59-59. ANP5004 Emergency Mental Health and Reproductive Health Care

Pakistan and Afghanistan Essay -- Politics, War, Turmoil

From the 1980’s onwards, Pakistan and Afghanistan have been at the forefront of numerous socio-political events germane to the rise of Islamic fundamentalism. The multifarious factors involved form a perplexing web of competing narratives that resist straightforward explanation. This essay will delve into the milieu, seeking alternative theories to construct a cogent thesis for the growth of fundamentalism. In doing so, it will examine the Islamisation policies of Pakistan’s Zia-ul-Haq administration and its congruence with United States interests at the time. Particular focus will be given to the Afghanistan – Pakistan dyad and how the recent return of international forces perpetuates the conditions that allow Islamic fundamentalism to prosper. As a state whose principal raison d'à ªtre is for the protection of Muslims, Pakistan had historically struggled with defining what its Islamic mandate entailed. Arriving in power via a coup d’à ©tat, Zia-ul-Haq employed religion to attain popular legitimacy, orchestrating Islamic reform as a deceitful pretence for securing power (Kennedy 1990: 73). Correspondingly, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan solidified the role of Islamic politics, with Zia-ul-Haq exhibiting a distinct preference for radical groups as a counterweight to communist ideology (Fuller 1991: 11). The most visible sign of creeping religiosity appeared in 1982 with the declaration that â€Å"national dress† and Islamic studies were mandatory for government employees (Cohen 1988: 314). Underlying this conversion, the government funded the expansion of an increasingly radical madrasa based education system - with the intention to transform the electoral landscape and boost support for Islamic parties ( Nasr 2000: 147). Through th... ...ndamentalists who demur at the state’s very existence, we can opine that Pakistan may already have crossed the Rubicon. This essay has elucidated that Pakistan and Afghanistan are a point of convergence for a litany of failed, arguably asinine policies by both the chief protagonists and outside interests. As such, the rise of Islamic fundamentalism represents the logical endpoint for an array of policies that mobilised extremist religious dogma to achieve geostrategic objectives. Crucially, the abject failure of all involved to disband and reintegrate those forces into a legitimate Afghan state has proved calamitous in its consequences. With recent international intervention bolstering the ideological sources of fundamentalism and with the nexus of instability spreading deep into Pakistan, the continued prominence of Islamic fundamentalism appears inevitable.

Two Great Rebellion Films :: essays research papers

Rebellion is a common topic in movies because it draws in audiences with its bad boys and bad attitudes. Two of the greatest rebellion movies of all time are Rebel Without a Cause, starring James Dean, and Bonnie and Clyde, starring Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway. The opening scene in Rebel Without a Cause shows a drunken teenage boy lying in the street, giggling, while he plays with a toy. The directors of these two films show rebellion using the same elements: themes, characters, and memorable scenes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In both films, the main characters are all rebelling against common things that audiences can relate to. In Rebel Without a Cause, Jim Stark is rebelling against his parents because he is upset with the fact that his father will not stand up to his mother. His girlfriend, Judy, is also rebelling against her parents, but for a different reason. Her father refuses to give her any affection because she is too â€Å"grown up.† Jim’s friend, Plato, is rebelling against his parents because they have abandoned him. These three characters rebel in many ways. Jim and Judy both smoke because they were told not to. Plato shot and killed puppies to get attention. Jim and Judy are both involved in a gang because it is â€Å"wrong.† Jim and Judy both pay a visit to jail: Jim because he is drunk and Judy because she ran away from home. In Bonnie and Clyde, Clyde Barrow is rebelling against the law and the common way of making a living. He rebels by robbing b anks. Bonnie also rebels against the law and her old life working as a poor waitress in a small town. She rebels by helping Clyde rob banks. C. W. Moss rebels against his overbearing father. Buck Barrow rebels against the law, but his wife is never too keen on the whole rebellion thing. Clyde, Bonnie, C. W., and Buck all rebel by robbing banks and stores, stealing cars, and killing. C. W. also rebels by getting a tattoo on his chest because he knows that his father will not approve of it. The theme of rebellion can be seen in both films by showing what the characters rebel against and how they rebel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Comparable characters can be seen in both films. Jim Stark is just like Clyde Barrow in that they are both the leading men and the main rebels. They are also played by cute actors.

Merci Beaucoup

No other city in the world can have an outstanding classical and modern architecture, free-spirited fashion, a unique culture, and exotic cuisine like Paris. Located on the River Seine, Paris offers famous tourist attractions such as the Eiffel Tower, the Louvre, and the Notre Dame Cathedral just to name a few. France’s captivating capital, is said to be one of the most visited cities nowadays. Once tourists visit Paris, they instantly fall in love with this sensational city.Walking in the mazes streets of Paris, I was compelled to gaze upon the Notre Dame Cathedral. Its gothic, antiquated architecture is so distinctive. Looking up at the eerie sculptures above the cathedral, I could feel my face light up. The cathedral was so stunning to look at! As I examined the massive voluminous bell and the eye-catching intricate carvings, I was awed. The cathedral looked very exquisite with its towering walls. I felt like I was in the old, Medieval Age.There is no doubt that the Notre D ame Cathedral is the most famous cathedral worldwide. Across the river, I got a glimpse of the renowned glass pyramid museum, the Louvre, a museum exceptional by any other. Inside the museum, I stumbled upon colorful artworks, shiny marble sculptures, and famous oil paintings such as the â€Å"Mona Lisa† by Leonardo DaVinci. I was charmed by this strange metallic sculpture. It wasn’t really famous although its peculiar shape and gleaming color seemed to attract my eyes.The Louvre is also the world’s best museum, with its avant-garde architecture and its legendary paintings. Of course, no tourist can miss visiting the magnificent Eiffel Tower, the symbol of Paris. The elevator going to the top of the Eiffel Tower is cramped with people, some of whom are pick-pocketers to be alert to watch out for. Up in the Eiffel Tower, I saw the panoramic view of Paris. The Football field and the towering skyscrapers were marvelous and breathtaking to look at. At night, the Eif fel Tower sparkles with light.My eyes lit up with awe and wonder. This was the time I feel in love with this city. Most people enjoy a little bit of label, and Paris is a great place to buy cheaper designer items since Paris is the â€Å"fashion capital of the world†. Paris is home to many famous fashion houses such as, â€Å"Louis Vuitton†, â€Å"Chanel†, â€Å"Dior† etc. Tourists shouldn’t miss out window-shopping at Champ- Elysees. It has all the high-class boutiques from designers all around the world. The greatest part about a trip in Paris is their delicious, diverse, mouth-watering French cuisine.Their croissants and baguettes have the perfect blend of crispy and soft; their various aged cheese are filled with bold flavor but have a horrid stench although the cheeses are a great compliment with their large velvet French grapes and lastly, who could forget about macaroons? Macaroons originated in France; therefore, France hosts the best macar oons in the world. Stop by at the renowned Lauderee macaroon shop and try one of their mouth-watering, traditionally handmade, signature macaroons.They are described to be the best macaroons worldwide. Tourists can find great food in Paris anywhere, from Michelin star restaurants to patisseries and street food. No city in the world can ever be compared to Paris. The towering Cathedral, avant-garde architectures, haute couture and Lauderee macaroons say it all. Paris has the best of everything. It is the city of dreams. Paris ‘ streets are also filled with life and history. Tourists who visit this breathtaking city will surely come off with more than just a simple â€Å"merci†.